Samuel David GOODWIN was born on 4 Apr 1843 in Tazelwell County, Virginia. He died in 1918 in unknown.

Spouse: Eliza Ann PIERATT. Samuel David GOODWIN and Eliza Ann PIERATT were married in 1866 in Tazelwell County, Virginia. Children were: Olivia Ann "Ollie" GOODWIN, Emma GOODWIN, Ellen Ann GOODWIN, Dr. Asa Frank GOODWIN, Dr. John GOODWIN.

Willam GOODWIN was born in 1897 in unknown. He died in 1950 in unknown. He was buried in Baxter Springs Cemetery, Kansas.

Spouse: Lucille Ida GOODPASTURE. Willam GOODWIN and Lucille Ida GOODPASTURE were married on 15 Apr 1917 in unknown. Children were: Living, Living, Living, Living.

Clara GORDON was born unknown in unknown. She died unknown in unknown.

Spouse: John A. CARLOCK. John A. CARLOCK and Clara GORDON were married on 15 Jun 1890 in unknown. Children were: Colby C. CARLOCK.

Charles Claiborne (Clyde) GORE was born on 27 Aug 1902 in unknown. He died in Sep 1979 in Smith County, Tennessee.

Spouse: Helen M. GOODPASTURE. Charles Claiborne (Clyde) GORE and Helen M. GOODPASTURE were married unknown in unknown.

James Walker GORE was born in Jan 1823 in Montgomery County, Kentucky. He died Unknown in unknown.

Spouse: Prudence GOODPASTER. James Walker GORE and Prudence GOODPASTER were married on 6 Dec 1854 in Bath County, Kentucky. Children were: Mary F. GORE.

Leafie Helen GORE was born on 23 Feb 1923 in Overton County, Tennessee. She died on 16 Oct 2007 in Livingston Regional Hospital, Overton County, Tennessee. She was buried in Old Flat Creek Cemetery, Overton County, Tennessee.

Spouse: Owen Kipling GOODPASTURE. Owen Kipling GOODPASTURE and Leafie Helen GORE were married on 11 Nov 1944 in unknown. Children were: Living, Living, Living, Living, Living, Living, Living, Donald GOODPASTURE.

Lester Dalton GORE was born on 9 Feb 1907 in Overton County, Tennessee. He died on 25 Feb 1977 in Overton County, Tennessee. He was buried in Overton Memorial Gardens, Overton County, Tennessee.

Spouse: Lydia May GOODPASTURE. Lester Dalton GORE and Lydia May GOODPASTURE were married on 12 Feb 1929 in Overton County, Tennessee. Children were: Living, Living, Living.

Mary F. GORE was born on 26 Sep 1857 in Bath County, Kentucky. She died unknown in unknown. Parents: James Walker GORE and Prudence GOODPASTER.

Nancy GORE was born about 1827 in Kentucky. She died unknown in unknown.

Spouse: James COOK. James COOK and Nancy GORE were married on 27 Jan 1847 in Bath County, Kentucky. Children were: James W. COOK, John COOK, Henry COOK, Charles COOK.

Agnes of GORIZIA-TYROL died on 14 May 1291 in unknown. She was born Unknown in unknown.

Spouse: Margrave Frederick I of MEISSEN. Margrave Frederick I of MEISSEN and Agnes of GORIZIA-TYROL were married in 1286 in unknown.

Count Meinhard II of GORIZIA-TYROL was born Unknown in unknown. He died Unknown in unknown.

Children were: Elisabeth.

Duke John of GORLITZ was born in 1370. He died in 1396. Parents: Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV and Elizabeth of POMERANIA.

Missouri Belle GORRELL was born on 23 Jul 1858 in Bath County, Kentucky. She died on 13 May 1892 in Bath County, Kentucky. She was buried in Springfield Cemetery, Sharpsburg, Bath, Kentucky.

Spouse: John Sanford GOODPASTER. John Sanford GOODPASTER and Missouri Belle GORRELL were married on 25 Sep 1873 in Bath County, Kentucky. Children were: Clay N. GOODPASTER, Oscar Jack GOODPASTER, Pearl Lena GOODPASTER, Clifton Martin GOODPASTER, Fenton B. GOODPASTER.

Katharina of GÖRZ was born Unknown in unknown. She died Unknown in unknown.

Spouse: Duke John II of BAVARIA. Duke John II of BAVARIA and Katharina of GÖRZ were married in 1372 in unknown. Children were: Duke Ernest of BAVARIA, Duke William III of BAVARIA, Sofie.

Margarete of GÖRZ was born Unknown in unknown. She died Unknown in unknown.

Spouse: Burgrave Frederick IV of NUREMBERG. Burgrave Frederick IV of NUREMBERG and Margarete of GÖRZ were married before 2 Aug 1307 in unknown. Children were: Burgrave John II of NUREMBERG.

Macaah of GOSHER.

Spouse: King Roboam of JUDAH and Israel. Children were: King Abia of JUDAH.

Alexis GOSSE was born on 4 Aug 1721 in Conthil, Moselle, France. She died before 1820 in unknown. Parents: Christophe GOSSE and Barbe HAMANT.

Spouse: Jacque MALGAIGNE. Jacque MALGAIGNE and Alexis GOSSE were married Unknown in unknown.

Christophe GOSSE was born about 1695 in unknown. He died before 1723 in unknown. He was also known as Gossel.

Spouse: Barbe HAMANT. Christophe GOSSE and Barbe HAMANT were married in 1719 in unknown. Children were: Marie GOSSE, Alexis GOSSE.

Marie GOSSE was born on 28 Mar 1720 in Conthil, Moselle, France. She died before 1820 in unknown. Parents: Christophe GOSSE and Barbe HAMANT.

Mazie GOSSLER was born on 6 Aug 1873 in Eldon, Iowa. She died on 18 Oct 1948 in Eugene, Oregon. She was buried in Rest Haven Memorial Park, Eugene, Oregon.

Spouse: Benjamin Franklin GOODPASTURE. Benjamin Franklin GOODPASTURE and Mazie GOSSLER were married on 27 Oct 1904 in Eugene, Oregon. Children were: Gordon Gossler GOODPASTURE, Kathryn GOODPASTURE, Robert Franklin GOODPASTURE.

Minnie GOTHORDT was born about 1874 in unknown. She died unknown in unknown.

Spouse: Newton A. GOODPASTURE. Newton A. GOODPASTURE and Minnie GOTHORDT were married on 8 Aug 1897 in Macoupin, Illinois. Children were: Henry Franklin GOODPASTURE, Charlotte GOODPASTURE, Margaret GOODPASTURE, Harry L. GOODPASTURE, Clara M. GOODPASTURE, Elmer GOODPASTURE.

Anne GOUY was born Unknown in unknown. She died Unknown in unknown.

Spouse: Dominique PETITJEAN. Dominique PETITJEAN and Anne GOUY were married on 4 Mar 1737 in Guermange, Lorraine, France 57272. Children were: Christophe PETITJEAN.

Bertha GRAHAM was born in 1886 in unknown. She died unknown in unknown. Parents: John C. GRAHAM and Margaret Frances GOODPASTURE.

Frances Elizabeth GRAHAM was born about 1868 in unknown. She died unknown in unknown. Parents: Robert P. GRAHAM and Sarah Elizabeth GOODPASTURE.

Frank E. GRAHAM was born in 1889 in unknown. He died unknown in unknown. Parents: John C. GRAHAM and Margaret Frances GOODPASTURE.

Grace GRAHAM was born on 8 Dec 1883 in unknown. She died unknown in unknown. Parents: John C. GRAHAM and Margaret Frances GOODPASTURE.

John C. GRAHAM was born on 10 Oct 1836 in Ireland. He died on 20 Apr 1920 in Menard County, Illinois. He was buried in Walnut Ridge Cemetery, Menard County, Illinois.

Spouse: Margaret Frances GOODPASTURE. John C. GRAHAM and Margaret Frances GOODPASTURE were married on 16 Oct 1879 in Logan County, Illinois. Children were: Unknown GRAHAM, John William GRAHAM, Grace GRAHAM, Bertha GRAHAM, Frank E. GRAHAM, Josie GRAHAM.

John William GRAHAM was born on 22 Feb 1882 in unknown. He died on 11 Oct 1961 in unknown. He was buried in Walnut Ridge Cemetery, Menard County, Illinois. Parents: John C. GRAHAM and Margaret Frances GOODPASTURE.

Spouse: Leta PRIMM. John William GRAHAM and Leta PRIMM were married on 25 Nov 1909 in Menard County, Illinois.

Josie GRAHAM was born in 1889 in unknown. She died unknown in unknown. Parents: John C. GRAHAM and Margaret Frances GOODPASTURE.

Margaret S. GRAHAM was born about 1872 in unknown. She died unknown in unknown. Parents: Robert P. GRAHAM and Sarah Elizabeth GOODPASTURE.

Mary J. GRAHAM was born about 1870 in unknown. She died unknown in unknown. Parents: Robert P. GRAHAM and Sarah Elizabeth GOODPASTURE.

Robert P. GRAHAM was born on 2 Nov 1827 in Ireland. He died on 13 Jul 1905 in Menard County, Illinois. He was buried in Indian Point Cemetery, Menard, Illinois.

Spouse: Sarah Elizabeth GOODPASTURE. Robert P. GRAHAM and Sarah Elizabeth GOODPASTURE were married on 8 Mar 1866 in Menard County, Illinois. Children were: Frances Elizabeth GRAHAM, Mary J. GRAHAM, Margaret S. GRAHAM.

Unknown GRAHAM was born on 15 Dec 1880 in unknown. Unknown GRAHAM died unknown in unknown. Parents: John C. GRAHAM and Margaret Frances GOODPASTURE.

Hippolite GRAND was born on 28 May 1859 in Bisping, France. He died unknown in unknown. Laborer and field guard .

Spouse: Marie Barbe WASSEREAU. Hippolite GRAND and Marie Barbe WASSEREAU were married on 7 Feb 1888 in Bisping, France. Witnesses: Charles Wassereau 23 military; Joseph Jacquot 39 farmer

Nicolas GRAND was born unknown in unknown. He died unknown in unknown.

Spouse: Anne Marguerite LANG. Nicolas GRAND and Anne Marguerite LANG were married in 1766 in unknown.

"Tiny" Graves Jacques GRANT was born about 1908 in Chestnut Ridge, Copiah County, Mississippi. He died about Jul 1973 in Louisianna. Parents: Hiram Baldwin GRANT and Mary Evelyn SHELBY.

Geraldine GRANT was born about 1904 in Chestnut Ridge, Copiah County, Mississippi. She died about 1992 in Jennings, Jeff Davis Parrish, Louisiana. She was buried in Louisianna. Parents: Hiram Baldwin GRANT and Mary Evelyn SHELBY.

Hiram Baldwin GRANT was born on 3 Aug 1843 in Copiah County, Mississippi. He died on 10 Jan 1936 in unknown.

Spouse: Anna Adelia NELSON. Hiram Baldwin GRANT and Anna Adelia NELSON were married on 18 Nov 1869 in unknown. Children were: Hiram Baldwin GRANT.

Hiram Baldwin GRANT was born on 18 Feb 1877 in Hermanville, Mississippi. He died on 1 Dec 1947 in Jennings, Jeff Davis Parrish, Louisiana. He was buried in Port Gibson, Mississippi. Parents: Hiram Baldwin GRANT and Anna Adelia NELSON.

Spouse: Mary Evelyn SHELBY. Hiram Baldwin GRANT and Mary Evelyn SHELBY were married on 18 Oct 1903 in unknown. Children were: Geraldine GRANT, "Tiny" Graves Jacques GRANT, William Baldwyn GRANT.

Mary GRANT was born on 7 May 1937 in Shreveport, Caddo, Louisiana. She died on 8 May 1937 in unknown. Parents: William Baldwyn GRANT and Melva CROXTON.

William Baldwyn GRANT was born on 4 Aug 1906 in Chestnut Ridge, Copiah County, Mississippi. He died on 3 Jun 1973 in Lee County, Georgia. He was buried on 5 Jun 1973 in Friendship, Sumter, Georgia. Parents: Hiram Baldwin GRANT and Mary Evelyn SHELBY.

Spouse: Melva CROXTON. William Baldwyn GRANT and Melva CROXTON were married on 1 Sep 1929 in Rayville, Richland, Louisiana, (home). Children were: Mary GRANT.

Mary Elma GRAVES was born about 1824 in Charleston, South Carolina. She died Unknown in unknown.

Spouse: Benjamin Franklin NELSON. Benjamin Franklin NELSON and Mary Elma GRAVES were married Unknown in unknown. Children were: Anna Adelia NELSON.

Duke of Durazzo, John of GRAVINA was born in 1294. He died on 5 Apr 1336 in Naples. Parents: King Charles II of NAPLES and Maria Arpad of HUNGARY.

Count Peter of GRAVINA was born in 1291 in unknown. He died on 29 Aug 1315 in Battle of Montecatini. Parents: King Charles II of NAPLES and Maria Arpad of HUNGARY.

Roy GRAY died in 1931 in unknown. He was born unknown in unknown.

Spouse: Lillian O. JOHNSON. Roy GRAY and Lillian O. JOHNSON were married unknown in unknown.

Raymond GRAYSON was born on 17 Jul 1916 in unknown. He died in Feb 1986 in Westlake, Cuyahoga, Ohio. Factory worker .

Spouse: Elinore L. PASKELL. Raymond GRAYSON and Elinore L. PASKELL were married Unknown in unknown. Children were: Living.

Canute the GREAT. Parents: King Sweyn I of DENMARK and Sigrid the Haughty or Gunhilda.

Duke of Franks and Count of Paris Hugh the GREAT died between 16 Jun 956 and 17 956 in unknown. He was born Unknown in unknown. Hugh, The Great (d. 956), was duke of the Franks and count of Paris, son of King Robert I of France and nephew of King Odo. His eldest son was Hugh Capet who became King of France in 987.

Hugh's first wife was Eadhild, daughter of Edward the Elder, king of England, and sister of King Athelstan. At the death of Rudolph, duke of Burgundy, in 936, Hugh was in possession of nearly all the region between the Loire and the Seine, corresponding to the ancient Neustria, with the exception of the territory ceded to the Normans in 911. He took a very active part in bringing Louis IV (d'Outremer) from the Kingdom of England in 936, but in the same year Hugh married Hedwige of Saxony, a daughter of Henry the Fowler of Germany and Matilda of Ringelheim, and soon quarrelled with Louis.

Hugh even paid homage to Otto, and supported him in his struggle against Louis. When Louis fell into the hands of the Normans in 945, he was handed over to Hugh, who released him in 946 only on condition that he should surrender the fortress of Laon. At the council of Ingelheim (948) Hugh was condemned, under pain of excommunication, to make reparation to Louis. It was not, however, until 950 that the powerful vassal became reconciled with his suzerain and restored Laon. But new difficulties arose, and peace was not finally concluded until 953.

On the death of Louis IV, Hugh was one of the first to recognize Lothair as his successor, and, at the intervention of Queen Gerberga, was instrumental in having him crowned. In recognition of this service Hugh was invested by the new king with the duchies of Burgundy (his suzerainty over which had already been nominally recognized by Louis IV) and Aquitaine. But his expedition in 955 to take possession of Aquitaine was unsuccessful. In the same year, however, Giselbert, duke of Burgundy, acknowledged himself his vassal and betrothed his daughter to Hugh's son Otto. At Giselbert's death (April 8, 956) Hugh became effective master of the duchy, but died soon afterwards, on the 16th or 17th of June 956.

In the Divine Comedy Dante meets the soul of Duke Hugh in Purgatory, lamenting the avarice of his descendants.

Parents: King Robert I of WESTERN FRANCIA and Beatrix of VERMANDOIS.

Spouse: Hedwige of SAXONY. Duke of Franks and Count of Paris Hugh the GREAT and Hedwige of SAXONY were married in 936 in unknown. Children were: King Hugh Capet of FRANCE, Otto, Emma of PARIS.

Spouse: Eadhild. Duke of Franks and Count of Paris Hugh the GREAT and Eadhild were married Unknown in unknown.

King George I of GREAT BRITAIN was born on 28 May 1660 in Hanover, Germany. He died on 11 Jun 1727 in Osnabrück. He was buried in Chapel Schloss Herrenhausen. George I (Georg Ludwig) (28 May 1660 - 11 June 1727) was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) from 23 January 1698, and King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 1 August 1714, until his death. He was also the Archbannerbearer (afterwards Archtreasurer) and a Prince Elector of the Holy Roman Empire. George I, the first Hanoverian monarch of Great Britain and Ireland, was not a fluent speaker of the English language; instead, he spoke his native German, and was for this ridiculed by his British subjects. During his reign, the powers of the monarchy found themselves diminished; the modern system of government by a Cabinet underwent development. During the later years of his reign, actual power was held by a de facto Prime Minister, Sir Robert Walpole.

George was born on 28 May 1660 in Hanover, Germany. He was the eldest son of Ernst August, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, a German prince, and of his wife, Sophia. Duke George of Brunswick-Lüneburg, as he was then known, was the heir-apparent to his father's German territory.

In 1682, George married his first cousin, the Princess Sophia of Celle, who was the only child of his father's elder brother. They had two children, George (b. 1683) and Sophia Dorothea (b. 1687). The couple were however soon estranged; George preferred the society of his mistress, Ehrengard Melusine von der Schulenburg, whom he later created Duchess of Munster and Kendal in Great Britain, and by whom he had at least three illegitimate children.

Sophia, meanwhile, had her own romantic connection with the Swedish Count Philip Christoph von Königsmarck. Threatened with the scandal of an elopement, the Hanoverian court ordered the lovers to desist, and George appears to have countenanced a plan to murder Königsmarck. The count was killed in July 1694, and his body was then thrown into a river. The murder appears to have been committed by four of George's courtiers, one of whom is said to have been paid the enormous sum of 150,000 talers, which in that day was about one hundred times the annual salary of the highest-paid minister.

George's marriage to Sophia was dissolved, not on the grounds that either of them committed adultery, but on the grounds that Sophia had "abandoned" her husband. With the concurrence of her father, George had Sophia imprisoned in the Castle of Ahlden in her native Celle. She was denied access to her children and her father, and forbidden to remarry. She was however endowed with an income, establishment and servants, and was allowed to ride in a carriage outside her castle, albeit under supervision.

In 1698, Ernst August died, leaving all of his territories to George, with the exception of the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück. (The Prince-Bishopric was not an hereditary title; instead, it alternated between Protestant and Roman Catholic incumbents.) George thus became Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (also known as Hannover, after its capital), and thereby the Archbannerbearer (a prestigious sinecure) and, importantly, a Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire (hence the principality was also known as Kurbraunschweich). His court in Hanover was graced by many cultural icons, such as the mathematician Gottfried Leibniz and the composer Händel.

Shortly after George's accession to his paternal dukedom, the Parliament of England passed the Act of Settlement 1701, whereunder George's mother, the Electress Sophia, was designated heir to the British Throne if the then-reigning monarch (William III) and his sister-in-law Princess Anne of Denmark (the later Queen Anne)) both died without issue. The succession was so designed because Sophia was the closest Protestant relative of the British Royal Family; numerous Catholics with superior hereditary claims were bypassed. In England, the Tories generally opposed allowing a foreigner to succeed to the Throne, whilst the Whigs favoured a Protestant successor regardless of nationality. George is said to have been reluctant to accept the English plan, but his Hanoverian advisors suggested that he should acquiesce so that his German possessions would become more secure.

Shortly after George's accession in Hanover, the War of the Spanish Succession broke out. At issue was the right of Philip, the grandson of the French King Louis XIV, to succeed to the Spanish Throne under the terms of the will of the Spanish King Charles II. The Holy Roman Empire, the United Provinces, England, Hanover and many other German states opposed Philip's right to succeed because they feared that France would become too powerful if it also could control Spain.

George's support for England may have conciliated many Englishmen, but it did not impress the people of Scotland. The English Parliament had settled on Sophia, Electress of Hanover, without consulting the Estates of Scotland (the Scottish Parliament). In 1703, the Estates passed a bill that declared that they would elect Queen Anne's successor from amongst the Protestant descendants of past Scottish monarchs. This successor would not be the same individual as the successor to the English Throne, unless numerous political and economic concessions were made by England. The Royal Assent was originally withheld, which caused the Scottish Estates to refuse to raise taxes and threaten to withdraw troops from the army fighting in the War of the Spanish Succession. In 1704, Anne capitulated, and her Assent was granted to the bill, which became the Act of Security. Angered, the English Parliament passed several measures which restricted Anglo-Scottish trade and crippled the Scottish economy. In 1707, the Act of Union was passed; it united England and Scotland into a single political entity, the Kingdom of Great Britain. The rules of succession established by the Act of Settlement were retained. The House of Hanover was not entirely acceptable to many Scotsmen, as would be later reflected by rebellions during George I's reign.

In 1706, the Duke of Bavaria was degraded for defecting from the Imperial side to the French side; his dignity of Archtreasurer of the Empire was granted to George. In 1710, the Reichstag, or Imperial Assembly, formally confirmed George's position as a Prince-Elector. The War of the Spanish Succession would continue until 1713, when it ended indecisively with the ratification of the Treaty of Utrecht. Philip was allowed to succeed to the Spanish Throne, but he was removed from the line of succession to the French Throne.

Accession in Great Britain
George's mother, the Electress Sophia, died only a few weeks before Anne, Queen of Great Britain. Pursuant to the Act of Union 1707, George became King of Great Britain when Anne died on 1 August 1714. He did not arrive in Great Britain until 18 September; during his absence, the Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench acted as a regent. He was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 20 October.

Upon his accession the practice relating to the dignity of princes was changed. Before the Hanoverians, the only princely dignities were those of Prince of Wales (customarily granted to the heir-apparent) and Princess Royal (customarily granted to the Sovereign's eldest daughter). The other members of the Royal Family were only entitled to the styles "Lord" and "Lady." George I, however, was accustomed to the German practice, whereunder the princely dignity was more common. Consequently, the Sovereign's children and grandchildren in the male line became Princes and Princesses styled "Royal Highness," and great-grandchildren in the male line became Princes and Princesses styled "Highness".

George I primarily resided in Great Britain, though he often visited his home in Hanover. During the King's absences, power was vested either in his son, George, Prince of Wales, or in a committee of "Guardians and Justices of the Kingdom". Even whilst he was in Great Britain, the King occupied himself with Hanoverian concerns. He spoke poor English, and many of his contemporaries thought him unintelligent. Power consequently passed from the Crown to its ministers.

In 1715, when not even a year had passed after George's accession, he was faced with a Jacobite Rebellion, which became known as "The Fifteen". The Jacobites sought to put Anne's Catholic brother, James Francis Edward Stuart (whom they called "James III", and who was known to the English as the "Old Pretender") on the Throne. The Pretender instigated rebellion in Scotland, where support for Jacobitism was stronger than in England. John Erskine, 6th Earl of Mar, an embittered Scottish nobleman who had previously supported the Glorious Revolution, led the rebels. The Fifteen, however, was a dismal failure; Lord Mar's battle plans were poor, and the Old Pretender had not arrived in Scotland in time. By the end of the year 1715, the rebellion had all but collapsed. Faced with impending defeat, Lord Mar and the Pretender fled to France in the next February. After the Fifteen was crushed, the British government dealt with the insurgents harshly. Several prisoners were executed; the remainder were enslaved in the colonies. Numerous Scottish noble families lost their estates.

Monarchical Styles of
King George I of Great Britain

Reference style: His Majesty
Spoken style: Your Majesty
Alternative style: Sire
Several members of the Tory Party sympathised with the Jacobites. George I began to distrust the Tories, and power thus passed to the Whigs. Whig dominance would be so great under George I that the Tories would not return to power for another half-century. As soon as the Whigs came to power, Parliament passed the Septennial Act, which extended the maximum duration of Parliament to seven years (although it could be dissolved earlier by the Sovereign). Thus, Whigs already in power could remain in such a position for a greater period of time.

War and rebellion
After his accession in Great Britain, George's relationship with his son (which had always been poor) worsened. George, Prince of Wales constantly encouraged opposition to his father's policies. His home, Leicester House, became a meeting place for the King's political opponents. In 1717, the birth of a grandson led George I to quarrel with the Prince of Wales. The Prince and Princess of Wales, as well as their children, were all thrown out of the royal residence. George I and his son would later be reconciled, but would never again be on cordial terms. Such father-son hatred and poor non-father son relationships appears to have recurred among the Hanoverian monarchs; George II, for example, almost exiled his son, the Prince Frederick, Prince of Wales, to the British colonies; George III was loathed by his son George IV; William IV loathed his sister-in-law the Duchess of Kent; Victoria and her son Edward VII were distant toward one another; George V had a poor relationship with his son Edward VIII; the Duchess of Windsor was not accepted by the Windsors for many years.

George I was active in directing British foreign policy during his early years. In 1717, he contributed to the creation of the Triple Alliance, an anti-Spanish league composed of Great Britain, France and the United Provinces. In 1718, the Holy Roman Empire was added to the body, which became known as the Quadruple Alliance. The subsequent War of the Quadruple Alliance involved the same issue as the War of the Spanish Succession. The Treaty of Utrecht had allowed the grandson of Louis XIV, Philip, to succeed to the Spanish Throne, on the condition that he gave up his rights to succeed to the French Throne. Upon the death of Louis XIV, however, Philip attempted to violate the treaty and take the Crown of France. But with even the French fighting against him in the War, Philip's armies fared poorly. As a result, the Spanish and French Thrones remained separate.

George I was faced with a second rebellion in 1719. The Old Pretender sought to fight in "the Nineteen" with Spanish aid, but stormy seas allowed only about three hundred Spanish troops to arrive in Scotland. The Pretender set up his government near Eilean Donan Castle on the west Scottish coast, only for it to be destroyed by British ships a month later. Attempts to recruit Scottish soldiers yielded a fighting force of only about a thousand men. The Jacobites were poorly equipped, and were easily defeated by British artillery. The Scotsmen dispersed into the Scottish Highlands, and the Spaniards surrendered. The invasion of 1719 never posed any serious threat to the Government, and further Jacobite plots were even more farcical.

Ministries
In 1717, when the Whigs came to power, George's chief ministers included Sir Robert Walpole, Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, James Stanhope, 1st Viscount Stanhope (afterwards 1st Earl Stanhope) and Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland. In the same year, Lord Townshend and Walpole were removed from the Cabinet by their counterparts; Lord Stanhope became supreme in foreign affairs, and Lord Sunderland the same in domestic matters.

Lord Sunderland's power began to wane in 1719. He introduced a Peerage Bill, which attempted to limit the size of the House of Lords (mostly composed of Tory aristocrats), but was defeated. An even greater problem was the South Sea Bubble. In 1719, the South Sea Company proposed to convert £30,981,712 of the British national debt. At the time, government bonds were extremely difficult to trade due to unrealistic restrictions; for example, it was not permitted to redeem certain bonds unless the original debtor was still alive. Each bond represented a very large sum, and could not be divided and sold. Thus, the South Sea Company sought to convert high-interest, untradeable bonds to low-interest, easily-tradeable ones. The Company bribed Lord Stanhope to support their plan; they were also supported by Lord Sunderland. Company prices rose rapidly; the shares had cost £128 in January 1720, but were valued at £550 when Parliament accepted the scheme in May. The price reached £1000 by August. Uncontrolled selling, however, caused the stock to plummet to £150 by the end of September. Many individuals?including aristocrats?were completely ruined.

The economic crisis, known as the South Sea Bubble, made George I and his ministers extremely unpopular. Lord Stanhope died and Lord Sunderland resigned in 1721, allowing the rise of Sir Robert Walpole. (Lord Sunderland retained a degree of personal influence with George I until he died in 1722.) Walpole became George's primary minister, although the title "Prime Minister" was not formally applied to him; officially, he was only the First Lord of the Treasury. His management of the South Sea crisis helped avoid a dispute between the King and the House of Commons over responsibility for the affair.

Walpole strengthened his influence in the House of Commons through bribery. The Septennial Act, by lengthening the terms of members of the House from three to seven years, greatly aided Walpole's corrupt efforts. As requested by Walpole, George I created a new order of chivalry, The Most Honourable Order of the Bath. Walpole rewarded political supporters and bribed others by offering them membership of the prestigious organisation.

Walpole thus became extremely powerful; he, not the King, truly controlled the government. Walpole was allowed to choose and remove all ministers; George I merely rubber-stamped his decisions. George I did not even attend meetings of the Cabinet; all his communications were in private. George I only exercised substantial influence with respect to British foreign policy. He, with the aid of Lord Townshend, arranged for the ratification of the Treaty of Hanover, which was designed to protect British trade, by Great Britain, France and Prussia. Some of George I's successors?most notably his great-grandson, George III?attempted to reverse the shift in power, but proved unsuccessful.

Later years
George, although increasingly reliant on Sir Robert Walpole, could still have removed his ministers at will. Walpole was actually afraid of being removed towards the end of George I's reign, but such fears were put to an end when George I died in Osnabrück from a stroke on 11 June 1727. George was on his sixth trip to his native Hanover, where he was buried, in Chapel Schloss Herrenhausen.

George I's son succeeded him, becoming George II. George II, like his father, faced a Jacobite Rebellion. The Rebellion of 1745 ("the Forty-Five"), however, was much stronger than the Fifteen and Nineteen, and almost overthrew George II. The Jacobites were nonetheless defeated at the Battle of Culloden in 1746, effectively ending their resistance.

George II seriously contemplated removing Sir Robert Walpole from office, but was prevented from doing so by his wife. During George II's reign, the power of the Sovereign further deteriorated, and the power of the Prime Minister increased. George II's grandson and successor, George III, was often engaged in constitutional struggles with his ministers. By the reign of George III, however, the Prime Minister's power had grown so much that the King was often forced to appoint junior ministers against his will. After George III's reign, Sovereigns almost never exercised influence over the composition of the Cabinet. The decline of the power of the Sovereign, which had begun during George I's reign, was almost complete during the reign of the last Hanoverian monarch, Victoria.

Legacy
George I was extremely unpopular in Great Britain, especially due to his supposed inability to speak English; recent research, however, reveals that such an inability may not have existed later in his reign. His treatment of his wife, Sophia, was not well-received. The British perceived him as too German, and despised his succession of German mistresses. He earned the appellations "Geordie Whelps" and "German George".

Although unpopular, the Protestant George I was seen by most as a better alternative to the Roman Catholic Old Pretender. William Makepeace Thackeray indicates such ambivalent feelings when he writes, "His heart was in Hanover. He was more than fifty-four years of age when he came amongst us: we took him because we wanted him, because he served our turn; we laughed at his uncouth German ways, and sneered at him? I, for one, would have been on his side in those days. Cynical, and selfish, as he was, he was better than a King out of St Germains The Old Pretender with a French King's orders in his pocket, and a swarm of Jesuits in his train."

Style and arms
In Great Britain, George I used the official style "George, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc." In some cases (especially in treaties), the formula "Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Archtreasurer and Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire" was added before the phrase "etc."

George I's arms were: Quarterly, I Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England) impaling Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); II Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland); IV tierced per pale and per chevron (for Hanover), I Gules two lions passant guardant Or (for Brunswick), II Or a semy of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure (for Lüneburg), III Gules a horse courant Argent (for Westfalen), overall an escutcheon Gules charged with the crown of Charlemagne Or (for the dignity of Archtreasurer of the Holy Roman Empire).

Titles
His Serene Highness Duke Georg Ludwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1660-1679)
His Serene Highness Georg Ludwig, The Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1679-1692)
His Serene Highness Georg Ludwig, Prince Elect of Hanover(1692-1698)
His Serene Highness Georg Ludwig, The Elector of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1698-1714)
His Majesty The King of Britain and Ireland (1714-1727)

Issue
Name Birth Death Notes
HM King George II 10 November 1683 25 October 1760 married August 22, 1705, the Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach; had issue
HRH Princess Sophia Dorothea 26 March 1687 28 June 1757 married November 28, 1706, Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg, later Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia; had issue.

Parents: Ernst August and Sophia of HANOVER.

Spouse: Sophia of CELLE. King George I of GREAT BRITAIN and Sophia of CELLE were married in 1682 in unknown. Children were: King George II of GREAT BRITAIN, Sophia Dorothea.

King George II of GREAT BRITAIN was born on 10 Nov 1683 in Schloss Herrenhausen, Hanover. He died on 25 Oct 1760 in unknown. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. George II (George Augustus) (10 November 1683-25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and Archtreasurer and Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 until his death. He was the second British monarch of the House of Hanover, and the last British monarch to personally lead his troops into battle (at Dettingen in 1743). He was also the last British monarch to have been born outside of Great Britain.

George II was famous for his numerous conflicts with his father and afterwards with his son (a seemingly common problem for members of the Hanoverian dynasty). His relationship with his wife was much better, despite his numerous mistresses. George II exercised little control over policy during his early reign, the government instead being controlled by Great Britain's first (unofficial) "Prime Minister", Sir Robert Walpole.

Duke George Augustus of Hanover was born at Schloss Herrenhausen, Hanover. He was the son of the then-George Louis, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg and his wife, Sophia of Celle; the latter's alleged adultery led to them being divorced in 1694. George never saw his mother again, though it is said he once tried to swim the moat of the castle of Ahlden in order to reach her. When his father succeeded to the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1698, Prince George became Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg. He married Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach in 1705.

The Act of Settlement 1701 devised the British Crown to the Hereditary Prince's grandmother Sophia of Hanover if the then-ruling monarch, William III, and his sister-in-law, the Princess Anne of Denmark, both died without issue. Under the Act of Settlement, the Hereditary Prince became a naturalised English subject in 1705. Anne, who had succeeded to the English Throne in 1702, admitted the Hereditary Prince to the Order of the Garter in 1706. She created him Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Milford Haven, Viscount Northallerton and Baron Tewkesbury later the same year.

Queen Anne died on August 1, 1714, shortly after the demise of the Electress Sophia (d. June 8, 1714). Consequently, Sophia's son George inherited the Throne. George I's son, the Prince George, automatically became Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay and Earl of Carrick. His father created him Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 27 September 1714.

The Prince of Wales had an extremely poor relationship with his father. When the Princess of Wales gave birth to Prince George William in 1717, a family quarrel ensued; at the baptism, the Prince of Wales insisted on having the Duke of Newcastle (whom the King detested) as a godfather, whilst the King chose his brother, the Duke of York and Albany. When he publicly vituperated his father, the Prince of Wales was temporarily put under arrest. Afterwards, the King banished his son from St. James's Palace, the King's residence, and excluded him from all public ceremonies.

The Prince of Wales did all in his power to encourage opposition to George I's policies. His London residence, Leicester House, became a meeting place for his father's opponents, including Sir Robert Walpole and Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend. In 1720, Walpole encouraged George I and his son to reconcile. In the same year, Walpole made a return to political office, from which he had been excluded since 1717.

In 1721, the economic disaster of the South Sea Bubble allowed Sir Robert Walpole to rise to the pinnacle of government. Walpole and his Whig Party were dominant in politics, for George I feared that the Tories did not support the succession laid down in the Act of Settlement. The power of the Whigs was so great that the Tories would not come to hold power for another half-century. Sir Robert Walpole essentially controlled British government, but, by joining the King's side, lost the favour of the Prince of Wales.

George II suffered from a poor relationship with his son, The Prince Frederick, Prince of Wales (depicted above).George II succeeded to the throne at the time of his father's death on June 11, 1727, but a battle of wills continued with his son and heir, The Prince Frederick, Prince of Wales. George II may have planned to exile his son to the British colonies, but, in any event, did not actually do so. George was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 4 October. The Hanoverian composer George Frideric Handel was commissioned to write four new anthems for the coronation; one of them, Zadok the Priest, has been sung at every coronation since.

It was widely believed that George would dismiss Sir Robert Walpole, who had distressed him by joining his father's government. It was widely believed that Walpole would be replaced by Sir Spencer Compton; George requested Compton?not Walpole?to write his first speech for him. Compton, however, requested Walpole for aid in the task, leading George's wife, Queen Caroline, an ardent supporter of Sir Robert Walpole, to claim that he was incompetent. George did not behave obstinately; instead, he agreed with his wife and retained Sir Robert Walpole as Prime Minister. Walpole slowly gained the royal favour, securing a generous civil list of £800,000 for the King.

Monarchical Styles of
King George II of Great Britain

Reference style: His Majesty
Spoken style: Your Majesty
Alternative style: Sire

He also persuaded many Tory politicians to accept the succession laid down in the Act of Settlement as valid. In turn, George II helped Sir Robert Walpole gain a strong parliamentary majority by creating peers (who sat in the House of Lords) sympathetic to the Whigs.

Whilst Queen Caroline was still alive, Sir Robert Walpole's position was secure. He was the master of domestic policy, and he still exerted some control over George II's foreign policy. Whilst George was eager for war in Europe, Walpole was more cautious. Thus, in 1729, he encouraged George II to sign a peace treaty with Spain.

George's relationship with the Prince of Wales worsened during the 1730s. When the Prince of Wales married Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, an open quarrel broke out; George II banished him and his family from the royal court in 1737. After losing his son, George also lost his wife, who died on November 20, 1737. When she reputedly asked George II to remarry, he said "Non, j'aurai des maitresses!" (French for "No, I will have mistresses!"). George had already had (1736) an illegitimate son, Johann Ludwig, Graf von Wallmoden-Gimborn. The most famous of his mistresses was Henrietta Howard, Countess of Suffolk, who was one of Caroline's ladies of the bedchamber.

In 1734 George II founded the Georg August University of Göttingen.

War and rebellion
Against Walpole's advice, George II once again entered into war with Spain in 1739 (the War of Jenkins' Ear). The entire continent of Europe was plunged into war upon the death of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI in 1740. At dispute was the right of his daughter, Maria Theresa, to succeed to his Austrian dominions. George II's war with Spain quickly became part of the War of the Austrian Succession.

Sir Robert Walpole was powerless to prevent a major European conflict. He also faced the opposition of several politicians, led by John Carteret, 2nd Baron Carteret (afterwards 2nd Earl Granville). Accused of rigging an election, Walpole retired in 1742 after over twenty years in office. He was replaced by Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington, George II's original choice for the premiership, who had previously failed to gain office due to the maneuvres of Queen Caroline. Lord Wilmington, however, was a figurehead; actual power was held by Lord Carteret. When Lord Wilmington died in 1743, Henry Pelham took his place.

The pro-war faction was led by Lord Carteret, who claimed that if Maria Theresa failed to succeed to the Austrian Throne, then French power in Europe would increase. George II agreed to send more troops to Europe, ostensibly to support Maria Theresa, but in reality to prevent enemy troops from marching into Hanover. The British army had not fought in a major European war in over twenty years, during which time the government had badly neglected their upkeep. Nevertheless, George II enthusiastically sent his troops to Europe. He personally accompanied them, leading them into the Battle of Dettingen in 1743. (He thus became the last British monarch ever to lead troops into battle.) His armies were controlled by his military-minded son, the Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. The war was not welcomed by the British public, who felt that George II and Lord Carteret were subordinating British interests to Hanoverian ones.

Half-Crown of George II, 1746. The inscription reads GEORGIUS II DEI GRATIA (George II by the Grace of God). Under the King's head is the word LIMA, signifying that the coin was struck from silver seized from the Spanish treasure fleet off Lima, Peru.Shrewdly, George II's French opponents encouraged rebellion by the Jacobites during the War of the Austrian Succession. The Jacobites were the supporters of the Roman Catholic James II, who had been deposed in 1689 and replaced not by his Catholic son, but by his Protestant daughter. James II's son, James Francis Edward Stuart (the "Old Pretender") had attempted two prior rebellions; the rebellion of 1715 ("the Fifteen") was after he fled to France, and the rebellion of 1719 ("the Nineteen") was so weak that it was almost farcical. The Old Pretender's son, Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charlie"), however, led a much stronger rebellion on his father's behalf in 1745. The "Forty-Five," as it became known, almost dethroned George II.

Bonnie Prince Charlie landed in Scotland in July 1745. Many Scotsmen were loyal to his cause; he defeated British forces in September. He then attempted to enter England, where even Roman Catholics seemed hostile to the invasion. The French monarch, Louis XV, had promised to send twelve thousand soldiers to aid the rebellion, but did not deliver. A British army under the Duke of Cumberland, meanwhile, drove the Jacobites back into Scotland. On 16 April 1746, Bonnie Prince Charlie faced the Duke of Cumberland in the Battle of Culloden, the last battle ever fought on British soil. The ravaged Jacobite troops were routed by the British Government Army. Bonnie Prince Charlie escaped to France, but many of his Scottish supporters were caught and executed. Jacobitism was all but crushed; no further serious attempt was made at restoring the House of Stuart.

After the Forty-Five, the War of the Austrian Succession continued. Peace was made in 1748, with Maria Theresa being recognised as Archduchess of Austria. She subsequently dropped Great Britain as a key ally, deeming it too unreliable.

Later years

Statue of George II in Golden Square, Soho, London. By John Nost the elder, this was erected in 1753, but had actually been made 33 years previously for the Duke of Chandos. It is badly corroded (it has been suggested that this is due to over-zealous cleaning) and the right hand is damaged. The only other public statue of this king in London is at the Royal Naval College in Greenwich. (January 2006)For the remainder of his life, George did not take any active interest in politics or war. During his last years, the foundation of the Industrial Revolution was laid as the population rose rapidly. British dominance in India increased with the victories of Robert Clive at the Battle of Arcot and the Battle of Plassey.

In 1752, Great Britain reformed its calendar. It had previously operated under the Julian Calendar, but during 1752 adopted the Gregorian Calendar. The calendar change required omitting eleven days; 2 September was followed by 14 September. Furthermore, 1 January became the official beginning of the New Year, instead of 25 March. The former date had been commonly regarded as the beginning of the New Year for a long time, but the latter was retained in formal usage. To ensure consistency of financial record keeping, and to prevent annual payments falling due before they would have under the Julian Calendar, the fiscal year was not shortened, with the result that in the United Kingdom each tax year has since begun on April 6.

George's Prime Minister, Henry Pelham died in 1754, to be succeeded by his brother, Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, and thereafter by William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire in 1756. Another notable minister was William Pitt the Elder. Pitt was appointed a Secretary of State in the administration of the Duke of Devonshire, but was disliked by the King, for he had previously opposed involvement in the War of the Austrian Succession. The hostility was marked by George's criticism of Pitt's speeches in early 1757. In April of the same year, George II dismissed Pitt, but later recalled him. At the same time, the Duke of Newcastle returned as Prime Minister.

As Secretary of State for the Southern Department, William Pitt the Elder guided policy relating to the Seven Years' War (which may be viewed as a continuation of the War of the Austrian Succession). Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria, made an alliance with her nation's former enemies, Russia and France, and became the enemy of Great Britain and Hanover. George II feared that this new alliance would invade Hanover; thus, he aligned himself with Prussia. Great Britain, Hanover and Prussia were thus pitted against many major European powers, including Austria, Russia, France, Sweden and Saxony. The war spread from Europe to North America (where the conflict is also known as the French and Indian War) and to India (where it was termed the Second Carnatic War).

George II died on 25 October 1760 from an aortic dissection whilst using his toilet. He was subsequently buried in Westminster Abbey. He was succeeded by his grandson, who became George III.

Legacy
The Seven Years' War continued after George II's death. It concluded during the early reign of George III, and led to important territorial gains for the British in North America and Asia. Nevertheless, the expensive conflict crippled the royal finances. British attempts to tax the Americans would lead to the American Revolution. Great Britain, however, fared much better in India. Company rule (that is, rule by the British East India Company) was secured within years of George II's death.

George II's disinterest in British government had contributed to the decline of the royal power. His successor, George III, sought to reverse the trend, but failed; thus, the power of ministers became well-established.

The patriotic song "God Save the King" was developed during George II's reign. It is thought that the first public performance of the song?whose author is unknown occurred during the Forty-Five. In reference to the Jacobite Rebellion, a fourth verse (which included the words "Rebellious Scots to crush") was added, though it is now rarely sung. "God Save the King" (or "God Save the Queen") is now the unofficial national anthem of the United Kingdom, one of the two national anthems of New Zealand (along with "God Defend New Zealand"), and the royal anthem of Australia and Canada.

Style
In Great Britain, George II used the official style "George the Second, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc." In some cases (especially in treaties), the formula "Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Archtreasurer and Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire" was added before the phrase "etc."

George II's arms were: Quarterly, I Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England) impaling Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); II Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland); IV tierced per pale and per chevron (for Hanover), I Gules two lions passant guardant Or (for Brunswick), II Or a semy of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure (for Lüneburg), III Gules a horse courant Argent (for Westfalen), overall an escutcheon Gules charged with the crown of Charlemagne Or (for the dignity of Archtreasurer of the Holy Roman Empire).

Titles
His Serene Highness Duke Georg Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1683-1692)
His Serene Highness Prince Georg Augustus of Hanover (1692-1698)
His Serene Highness Georg Augustus, Prince Elect of Hanover(1698-1702)
His Royal Highness The Duke of Cambridge (1702-1714)
His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall and Cambridge (1714)
His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales (1714-1727)
His Majesty The King (1727-1760)

Issue
Name Birth Death Notes
HRH The Prince Frederick, Prince of Wales 1 February 1707 31 March 1751 married 1736, Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenberg; had issue
HRH The Princess Anne, Princess Royal 2 November 1709 12 January 1759 married 1734, Prince Willem IV of Orange-Nassau; had issue
HRH The Princess Amelia Sophia Eleanor 10 July 1711 31 October 1786
HRH The Princess Caroline Elizabeth 21 June 1713 28 December 1757
HRH Prince George William 13 November 1717 17 February 1718
HRH The Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland 26 April 1721 31 October 1765
HRH The Princess Mary 5 March 1723 14 January 1772 married 1740, Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel; had issue
HRH The Princess Louisa 18 December 1724 19 December 1751 married 1743, Frederick V, King of Denmark and Norway; had issue.

Parents: King George I of GREAT BRITAIN and Sophia of CELLE.

Spouse: Caroline of ANSBACH. King George II of GREAT BRITAIN and Caroline of ANSBACH were married in 1705 in unknown. Children were: Prince Frederick Louis of WALES, Anne, Amelia Sophia Eleanor, Caroline Elizabeth, George William, William Augustus, Mary, Louisa.